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you have any memories of Edison Swan or Reed Paper, did you
or one of your relatives once work there. Or do you remember
the
factory
at
work. Whatever stories you have to tell about the colliery
we would love to hear them, please drop us a line at:
Contact@Forlornbritain.co.uk
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In 1912 Harold J. Smith and company purchased
an area of land between the river Wye and Stowfield road in the Forest
of Dean as the site for the companies new works. The company had
been formed only two years earlier as the Electric Wire and Cable
Company at Trafalgar works on the opposite side of Stowfield road,
but
demand
for the
companies products had quickly grown beyond the small works capabilities.
Work progressed quickly on the new factory named the Lydbrook Cable
works, the first of its factory floors was completed within the year.
When the first world war broke out in July of 1914 the Lydbrook cable
works was still incomplete but it was one of only four in the country
capable of producing braided electrical cables. The company was awarded
numerous contracts by the ministry of war to produce Army D3 Telephone
cables for the field telephone sets bound for the western front.
To meet the
massive increase in demand the companies workforce rapidly grew
from 40 to 650 including many female munitions workers who worked
a double shift pattern for the duration of the war. The factory was
completed in 1916 with the addition of a powerhouse and adjoining
stores and factory building, by the end of the war in 1918 the company
had produced over 15,000 miles of electrical cable.
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The end of the war brought a dramatic downturn in
the companies fortunes like many other companies which had thrived
on the back of war time orders the demand for their products all
but collapsed the company found itself faced with mounting debts
and the official receiver was called in during 1920 ending Harold
Smith's involvement with the company. The factory continued working
under administration for five years until it was bought out
of administration in 1925 and reorganised as the Lydbrook Cable
Company Ltd a wholly owned subsidiary of the Edison Swan electrical
group. As part of a much larger concern the factory quickly benefited
from new investment two new factory buildings were added to the
site using new iron frame construction techniques to create two
much larger factory floors. Edison Swan was one of the countries
biggest suppliers of electrical lighting and the Lydbrook works
was equipped
to produce electrical power cables to supply the companies lighting
products. Following the invention of the metal filament bulb in
1915 the cost of electric lighting fell below that of gas lights
and from the mind 1920's electrical
street lights began to spread beyond
the
counties
big cities, resulting in a second surge in demand for the companies
products and its work force expanded to a peek
of 1,200.
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In 1929 Edison Swan was bought by Associated Electrical
Industries a holding company which was formed a year earlier with
the acquisition of two electrical and engineering
giants British Thomson - Houston and Metropolitan Vickers. The companies
within the AEI group continued as separate entities under their
own management but the Lydbrook Cable Company Ltd. which had managed
the factory since it was purchased was renamed to Edison Swan
Cables Ltd. Through the 1930's the factory continued to produce
electrical power cables of various gauge, it also diversified
into the production of other types of cable such as indicator
loop
cables for admiralty. Telegraph cables laid under the ocean for
communications had suffered from interference from the magnetic
field generated by passing ships. During the first world war the
phenomenon lead to the development of the anti submarine indicator
loop which consisted of long lengths of cable laid
on the sea floor designed to pick
up the magnetic variations generated by a enemy submarines. Edison
Swan produced a 4 core induction cable to Admiralty pattern 7048
which was sold to the Admiralty for the use of the Royal Navy as
well as
Allied governments, the Australian Naval Board placed a large
order for this type of cable in 1938 at the price of £144
per thousand yards.
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When the second world war broke out in 1939
the company became one of the Admiralty's largest suppliers of indicator
loop cables which were widely
used to defend harbors against submarine attack and for
remotely controlled mine fields. An indicator loop was used to
detect the position of submarine and allow operators on shore to trigger
the detonation of mines in that area. While the Induction Loop cables
were improving the potency of the Royal Navy's minefields the Lydbrook
factory was also involved in a project to protect the navy's ships
from the threat of enemy mines. Magnetic naval mines worked by detecting
the increase in the magnetic field caused by the concentrating effect
of the steel in a ships hull when it passes over the mine. German
naval mines used an increase in Gauss the unit of measurement for
magnetic fields to trigger the detonation of the mine. Efforts to
counter act the magnetic field generated by ships was known as degaussing,
early solutions involved the installation of electromagnetic coils
within the ships hull but this solution was far to expensive to fit
to anything smaller than the largest battleships and cruisers.
The navy with participation of cable companies including Edison Swan
developed
degaussing cable
which when passed around the hull of ship charged with an electrical
current of about 2000 amps induced a biased field in the hull of
the ship which counteracted the ships effects on the earths natural
magnetic
field
making the
ship undetectable to a magnetic mine. The factory would go on to
to produce large quantities of degaussing cable to protect the navy's
smaller ships.
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The companies experience with submarine cabling lead
to its involvement in operation PLUTO which took its names
from the initial letters for Pipe Line Under The Ocean. the project
set out to establish a petroleum pipeline under the English Channel
to supply allied armies during their advance across France and
Germany. Traditional pipelines were unstable for use in the English
Channel, However Mr A.C Hartley of the Anglo Iranian Oil Company
proposed a solution of an extruded lead pipeline constructed like
a lead insulated power cable. The core and Insulation
was removed from within the lead covering to produce a flexible
pipeline. Work on developing Hartley's pipe was conducted at Siemens
Bros cable works at woolwich the resulting pipe was called HAIS
( Hartley,Anglo,Iranian,Siemens) cable the word cable was selected
in the interests of security to disguise the projects true aim.
The cable consisted of a 3 inch diameter lead alloy pipe protected
with steel tape and wire armour designed to withstand a pressure
of 1,500 lbs/Sq.In which would push 100,000 gallons of petrol through
the pipe each day
over its planned 40 nautical mile length between the south east
of England and Calais.
The first sections of the pipe were
produced by Siemens Bros at Woolwich, After a final successful
test pipeline was laid between Swansea Bay and Devon the pipeline
was ready for full scale production which was beyond the capabilities
of a single company. The Lydbrook cable works was one of only
four factories in the country already equipped with the specialist
machinery
necessary for the production of lead alloy lined cabling and
was selected to join the project. The machinery required modifications
to enable it to introduce compressed air into the core of the
cable instead of the usual core and insulation which prevented
the the
lead cabling collapsing in on itself during the manufacturing
process. Edison Swan contributed to a total of 87 Nautical miles
of cable to operation PLUTO,
its machines
were kept running 24 hours a day during the production phase.
When Normandy was selected as site
for the invasion of Europe the length of cable required grew
to over
70
nautical
miles
and
American
cable makers were brought in to meet the increased needs of the
project. The first pipeline was laid between Shanklin Chine
on the Isle of Wight to Cherbourg in the days following D Day,
it
was soon joined by a second HAIS pipe and as the war progressed
and the allied army's moved further from Normandy 11 more HIAS
pipes were laid between Dungeness to Ambleteuse in the Pas-de-Calais.
By the end of the war the PLUTO pipelines had delivered 172 million
imperial gallons of petrol to the continent of Europe.
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The importance of the war work carried out at the
cable works made it a target for German bombers a stick of bombs
intended for the factory fell on nearby Bishops Wood and it was
reported on a propaganda broadcast by lord Haw Haw on German radio
that "the cable works
at
Lydbrook
in
the
Forest of Dean had been destroyed". Two air raid shelters
were constructed in the woodland between the factory to protect
the companies workers. Following the end of
the war the factory returned to the production of power cables
for industrial and domestic use,
the whole of the AEI group was focused on an "every thing electric" policy
and was well placed to benefit from the post war consumer electronics
market. The factory at Lydbrook did not benefit as
much as other divisions of the company. In 1954 an unsuccessful
appeal was made to the Ministry of Supply to make the factory a
preferred supplier and protect industrial jobs in the Forest of
Dean.
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By the end of the 1950's AEI was experiencing financial
difficulties and following its purchase of Siemens Bros in
1955 the group consisted of four different companies operating
independently
and competing with one another. The Company set about a program
of modernisation to streamline the company, Edison Swan was merged
with Siemens Bros in 1967 to form a new division
branded
as Siemens Edison Swan and the cable works was merged into a single
operational unit alongside the former Siemens Cable works at woolwich.
In 1960 AEI embarked on further restructuring and re branding abandoning
the separate identities of its component companies Siemens Edison
Swan and its factory at Lydbrook became part of the AEI (woolwich)
Ltd traiding as AEI cables.
The re branding exercised only exacerbated the companies problems
demand of its products dropped as familiar brands were replaced
with the unknown AEI name. The company was also hampered by its
large management structure with many departments duplicated between
its different divisions as the company attempted to streamline
itself areas of overlap were identified and many of its factories
were closed. Lydbrook itself was closed in 1966 with the loss of
650 jobs. AEI itself would only survive for another year its declining
share price lead to its take over by GEC in 1967 and it to disappeared
as a brand shortly after.
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The Lydbrook cable works remained
empty for a few years until AEI's successors GEC sold the site on
to the Reed Corrugated Cases who refitted the factory for the production
of corrugated paper packaging better known as the humble cardboard
box. Reed went on to produce its range of packaging products at Lydbrook
for nearly thirty years until it was taken over by the Swedish paper
and forestry group SCA in 1991. Three years later lydbrook was the
victim of another rationalisation exercise for the second time when
it was closed
as
the company concentrated
production at its other more modern facilities. Since then the lydbrook
site has sat empty attempts to revitalise the site as an industrial
estate have failed and it now awaits complete demolition.
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I visited the old cable works towards
the end of 2008 over a decade since it closed for the final time.
The years haven't treated it very
kindly as I walked along the river Wye adjacent to the site the first
thing I noticed was the vandalised condition of the factory buildings
nearly every window in the two 1920's factory buildings has been smashed
hardly a pane of glass survives intact. Near the back of the factory
a small railway viaduct crosses the river. The viaduct once carried
a private railway siding from the GWR at Lydbrook Junction right into
the factory site. The railway long disused has been lifted and the
viaduct now carries the foot path to the opposite bank of the river.
Once inside the factory site we followed the
outside of the 1916 brick buildings and headed towards the first
of the new 1920's factory floors. At the back of the factory building
a later extension towered above the factory roof at its base an open
loading bay door led us inside. Scattered all over the loading bay
and hanging between supports were the remains of police tape at first
we were concerned the factory had been the scene of some grizzly
crime, but it has just been used on many occasions since it closed
for Police dog and major incident training the officers just haven't
tidied up behind them. from the loading bay door we move out into
the factory floor a huge empty space stretching out before us interrupted
only by the supporting iron columns.
Behind us a second large door
way opened out in to the extension we had seen from the outside.
The ground floor was dominated by a concrete machine base what ever
it supported now removed leaving the stub of a metal feeder pipe
hanging from the ceiling. In the corner a metal lattice stairway
lead into the dark upper floors. On the first landing the feeder
pipe split into in to five inter twisted pipes like an aluminum tree.
Carrying on upwards the pipes sprouted out into five hoppers all
over the floor were scraps of brown paper the raw materials for the
factories cardboard boxes. Looking out from a hole in the plasterboard
wall we were now up in the metal supports for the roof its glass
skylights allowing light to flood in. Once back on the factory floor
we found a stairway which lead down below the factory floor down
here we passed through an empty storage space which led on to a tiny
engineering office scattered with abandoned engineering notes and
some graffiti left behind by some of the workers. another stairway
lead
back up into the center of the factory floor not far from the remains
of a pumping system which fed the buildings fire sprinklers.
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We headed out of the factory building
over a small court yard into the original factories 1916 extension.
Once again
we found ourselves in another loading bay overhead a crane was still
mounted on its rollers along the length of the loading bay a wooden
partition area was seperated out into a few workshops and offices.This
area of the factory had been home to the engineering department within
the office a few discarded engineering diagrams for paper handling
machinery dated back to the sites conversion from cable work to
cardboard box factory. On the outside of the office wall an empty
clocking in machine had stamped the workers time cards for the last
time. Climbing a small flight of stairs we move on to another wide
open space which looked very much like the factory floor we had
left behind us but here there were no marks on the floor where machinery
would once have stood leaving nothing behind to mark the rooms former
purpose except for a sign on one of the walls. Along one of the rooms
wall a huge sliding blue door was marked "Stores only authorised
staff allowed." along side the door a small glazed counter window
and intercom would have allowed the ordinary workers to communicate
with the privileged few allowed into the stores " i'll av a box of
screws please".
Deciding that the sign was long out
of date we all decided we were authorised to enter the inner sanctum
of the store room and see what treasures it was hiding. Slipping
past the sliding door were walked into another long room illuminated
with skylights. Along the length of the room blue half panel door
opened into small store rooms, each was jammed full of shelves but
the only treasures left behind were a few "Mazda" light
bulbs a trademark used by the buildings former owners GEC. Behind
the empty store rooms
were a few empty offices the administrative office still
lined with empty filing racks and a few folio folders another door
lead what once must have been a comfortable office with the first
carpet to be seen in the building its heavy floral pattern along
with the hideous brown pattern wall paper came straight out of the
60's
the office must have been like ever since it started producing cardboard
boxes.
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Heading back out of the stores building
and onwards towards the original 1912 factory building we reached
the base of
the factories huge chimney at least 10' square and tapering up out
of its ceiling. At the back of the chimney some shiny and almost
new ducting pipes ran from the chimney through the adjacent wall
along side a red painted heavy closed door. Another sign marked with
the logo of Dalkia a facilities management company warns us against
entering the room beyond which is obviously the boiler house and
plant room. Ignoring the sign we pushed the door open and find a
dirty and decayed room. Machine beds and pipe runs in the floor again
mark out where machinery once stood but these have been removed leaving
the factory cold and powerless. Up and till now the factory floors
we had walked through were quite sterile and modern looking, but
leaving the 1916 building behind we came across some of the factory's
true
edwardian character. After dashing across another open passage way
between the two buildings a small flight of stone stairs lead upwards
into another factory floor. Unlike the previous buildings where the
the floors were covered in painted concrete here we stood upon wood
block parquet. The ceiling was much lower in the factory building
supported by a forest of cast iron pillars, the afternoon sun flooded
in through the wide windows which covered most of the walls. On the
far side of the room an open folding door exposed a wooden
lift car for moving material up to the first floor next to it there
was a painted wall sign of lettering typical of the 1930's and earlier,
the lift has been there for most of the factories life unfortunately
with now power in the building we had to take the stairs.
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Up on the first floor there was an
almost identical factory floor but it seemed much taller topped off
by skylights rather
than the cast iron lattice below our feet on the ground floor. Passing
through we headed for the door to the office block. Passing along
a long corridor of doors opening into empty rooms the office block
was initially disappointing, the only thing of interest was a few
punch cards on the floor. I picked one of these up and was surprised
to
see the Edison Swan name printed in the corner, they had escaped
the bin for 30 years while the factory was in another companies hands.
At the end of the corridor though we finally entered a more interesting
room through a half paneled wooden door. it too was empty
but all over the floor were hundreds of pieces of paper, many more
of the punch cards but also original order forms picking a few up
I found myself looking at original orders from the admiralty dating
from 1943, each piece of paper traced the path of the cable through
the factory noting the amount of man hours and time spent to produce
the cable. The most surprising thing was the sheer quantity of the
cable being produced.
The factory held one more surprise
for us, opening half paneled door within the office we found
ourselves
in a wood paneled hall at the top of a beautiful carved wood imperial
staircase. the windows were decorated in delicate green and blue
stained glass. As impressive as the staircase was we were drawn towards
an
elegant glass lined wooden arch which opened out in to a fantastic
pastel blue hall which would have been more at home in a stately
home than a factory, the companies functions must have been impressive
events to attend. Heading down the stairs we found the entrance hall
equally impressive complete with tiled flooring and more well carved
wood paneling especially around the receptionist window, the company
offices had defiantly set out to impress and even after a decade
of disuse it still achieved its goal. It's a shame to thing that
the whole site including the impressive office building is soon to
disappear.
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