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The Elizabeth Shaw chocolate factory in the
Greenbank area of Bristol was originally opened by H.J Packer and
Co, which had been founded in 1881by Edward Packer a former employee
of Bristol chocolate makers Frys & Sons of turkish delight fame.
Packers Chocolates were originally produced in the family home and
eventually expanded to employ most of his extended family and to
take over the entire house. In 1886 the company was bought for £ 950
by a 24 year old sales man from Clifton, by the name of Bruce Cole
using money borrowed from his farther. Cole had previously supplied
Packers with sugar and had been impressed by the companies potential.
At the time the company had moved to small factory within a house
in the St Paul's area of Bristol selling "Two Ounces a Penny" chocolates.
The company's strategy of supplying good quality chocolates at a
low price, affordable by a child had proven very successful. By the
late 1890's the factory had grown to occupy most of the houses along
St Paul's street and was running out of room for the growing firm.
The decision to relocate was made in 1899 the company had already
purchased a site at Shortwood but realising it was difficult to reach
form their employees homes a search began for an alternative. The
following year a site at Greenbank was purchased, It would be a further
year until the company's directors approved the scheme and construction
work commenced. The building was completed in January of 1903 and
the machinery and staff were gradually transferred from the St Pauls
site until it was vacated by the end of the year. To mark the successful
launch of the company's new home Bruce Cole celebrated by awarding
all of the staff a weeks holiday.
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The company's low price chocolates had become very
popular and demand for its "2 Ounce a Penny" was rapidly
increasing, the company was so buoyant that a belated grand opening
was held for the factory in 1906. Packer's invited all their UK
wholesalers for a three day expenses paid excursion on to Bristol
to view the new factory and toast its success at a reception dinner
held at the Colsten Hall. Two years later in 1908 the company was
beginning to become troubled by its own success the explosive growth
in the demand for its products had left the firm short of working
capital. At the time the company employed over 1,000 workers at
the factory producing 25O tons of chocolate a week, but expansion
was required which the company could ill afford. In order to attract
investment Packer's became a limited company an emerged with the
trading name H.J Packer Ltd. The move was successful and an additional
factory block was added to the original three. In addition to the
expansion the company was also able to purchase a controlling interest
in Carson's Ltd which produced high quality confectionary in Glasgow.
Within a few years Carson's was moved to join Packer's in Bristol
at a new factory built on the land the company owned at Shortwood.
The following year another company would join the
family, The original Packer's brand had remained focused on the
low cost end of the chocolate market. So to extend the range of
products it offered, the company decided to launch a new subsidiary,
Charles Bond Ltd to produce high class chocolates like the "walnut
whirl". Bond's of Bristol chocolates were distributed through
an independent sales and wholesale network but its products were
all produced on new production lines within the Greenbank factory
alongside the Packer's brands.
When the first world war broke out in 1914 it became
more difficult for the company to secure raw materials which lead
to the withdrawal of the Packer's brand for the duration. The impact
caused by losing one of its product lines was minimised to some
extent by orders for plain unbranded chocolate bars from the Army
and Navy Canteen Board. In fact the profits made from war time
work allowed the company to construct a fifth factory block at
Greenbank completing the factory building which still exists today.
The war was responsible for major changes in the company's workforce,
along with the majority of the British public there was a great
rush among the male workforce to join the armed services, a move
the company encouraged, any workers of military age were readily
released for service with a promise of re-employment when they
were demobilised. To take their place increasing numbers of women
found employment at the chocolate factory and for the remainder
of its history the majority of production line staff were female.
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The end of the war brought a return of the low cost
Packer's brand at a penny an ounce, one of the new lines "Milk
Crispets" was especially popular and went on to become the
company's longest lived products. By 1922 Packer's had become the
fourth largest chocolate manufacturer in Britain and Packer's was
the most popular low cost brand in the country. Although the post
war years were a hard time for the company, production was frequently
halted by industrial unrest and the 1920's saw increased competition
in the chocolate and confectionary market. The companies financial
situation had become so severe that in 1929 the entire workforce
from managing director to floor sweeper were forced to take a ten
percent pay cut.
The world wide depression of the 1930's did little
to improve the situation, as people lived without luxuries like
chocolate the company's survival was in doubt. It's bankers Lloyds
became so concerned that they insisted on the appointment of one
of their representatives to the board of directors. To relieve
the financial pressure on the company the factory's recreation
grounds and the houses built for companies workers were all sold
off and in order to remain the market leader in low cost chocolate
Packer's returned to the pre war "Two Ounces a Penny" range
in 1932.
Packer's disappeared from the sweet shop shelves
for a second time when the Second World war broke out in 1939.
The introduction of control measure on the supply of raw materials
had affected the production of both the Packer's and Bond's lines
so the decision was taken to concentrate on the production of Bond's
lines. Throughout the war chocolates were subject to rationing
which had the effect of stabalising demand for the companies products
and removing the threat form it's competitors. The company introduced
its own system of vouchers to ensure its customers had fair and
regular if infrequent access to their chocolate. Demand was also
supported by orders to supply the army but the factory's output
had diminished leaving parts of the building unused. Towards the
end of the war these were requisitioned for use by the american
army in the preparation and packaging of field ration packs.
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The end of the war in 1945 did not bring about the
end of rationing, the post war austerity period was a hard time
for the company access to it's raw materials was still tightly
controlled and it had little money to invest in maintaining the
factory. The control measures over the supply of raw materials
and the rationing of confectionary to the general public were both
lifted at the beginning of 1953. The company now found itself faceing
rising costs and increased competition within the confectionary
industry over a the much smaller post war market. These combined
factors lead to the companies first operational loss of £ 30,900
in 1955. Even though the company was beginning to loose money the
decision was taken to re enter the low cost market with the re
launch of the Packer's brand, featuring "Summit milk chocolate
bars" and penny sweets like white mice, coconut squares, zoo
bars along with the re introduced Milk Crispits.
By the end of the 1950's the company was still struggling
and during the decade a number of their competitors had been forced
out of business. With surplus production capacity at Greenbank
and at the Carson's Shortwood plant, the decision was taken to
sell the Shortwood factory and transfer the Carson's production
lines to Greenbank, a move that was completed in april of 1961.
The Greenbank factory was now home to the entire Packer's, Bond's
and Carson's ranges, Carson's had become the the company's best
selling brand and the following year the whole company was renamed
from H.J Packers Ltd to Carson's Ltd. Carson's had become the countries
biggest producer of chocolate liquers through the use of the leading
brands of liquors, spirits and fortified wines such as Courvosier
Brandy, Grants Whisky, Harvey's Bristol Cream, Sandeman Port and
Tia Maria as their fillings. So a proportion of the money raised
from the sale of the Shortwood factory was invested in a new production
line at Greenbank to continue the production of chocolate liquers.
The new line was almost two hundred feet long but could be operated
by only eight workers to produce 20,000 chocolates an hour. The
restructuring made little difference to the company's performance
and in 1963 it was still making losses of around £ 39,000
a year.
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The same year the company's managing director along
with two other members of the board stood down, One of their replacements
on the board was the high profile financier James Goldsmith who
became the new chairman. Goldsmith's company Gresham Foods had
been buying shares in Carson's for some time and by May 1964 he
had acquired a controlling interest over the company, which was
transferred to the control of Gresham Foods group. Goldsmith's
plans were to take over smaller firms involved in food production
and revitalise those with the potential for success, while transferring
the popular brands of other failing companies into a few large
factories equipped with new modern machinery. Carson's wide range
of products ranging from penny chocolates to high quality assortment
boxes was enough to ensure its survival within the group, and The
Greenbank factory was selected as one of three sites to remain
open securing the jobs of its 830 strong workforce.
In July of 1965 Goldsmith had completed the re organisation
of his food group which was given the new name of Cavenham Foods,
During the same month Yeatmans of London had been purchased, as
a small firm it's Watford factory was closed and production of
it's successful line of Selesta Orchard Fruit Jellies was transferred
to Greenbank. The following year 1966 brought more significant
changes to the factory In July Cavenham completed its purchase
of the outstanding Carson's shares giving it complete ownership
of the firm. With the ownership of the Greenbank factory settled
Cavinham embarked on a £350,000 program of works to upgrade
and reorganise the factory with the aim of streamlining and modernising
the production process. When the works were completed the existing
factory blocks 4 and 5 had been linked together to form a a 25,000
square foot open plan production space. A new solid molding unit
manufactured by Binder was installed which was capable of replacing
three existing machines used in the production of the penny sweet
ranges. Along with a new Shell Molder also manufactured by Binder
which was used in the production of all the companies liquor products.
The factory's new layout also allowed the liqueurs to be fed directly
from foil wrappers on the production line to eight new packing
lines, An additional three packing lines had also been installed
for the novelty products and assortment boxes. Along with the production
upgrades Block 1 the oldest part of the factory was upgraded to
house improved facilities for the factory workers, including a
new modern cafeteria, locker rooms and washrooms. Completing the
modernisation was an new security guardhouse and large employees
car park.
While the factory was being transformed the company's
product line was also overhauled, un-profitable product lines were
dropped and the entire Packer's and Bond's brands were abandoned,
with their profitable ranges re labeled under the company's other
brands. The factory now concentrated on the production of Selesta
Fruit Jellies, Carson's Chocolate liquers which were now being
marketed as "Famous Names" to capitalise on the well
known brands used in their fillings and a new brand of one and
two penny sweets "Goodies". The Goodies range was an
extensive collection of molded candy and chocolate and was frequently
changing some of the classic penny sweets it included were, White
Mice, Zoo animal bars, Bananas, Pear Drops, Jelly Drops and Crispets
a former Packer's product. During july of 1966 Cavenham had purchased
Paramount Laboratories of Slough, The production of their candy
cigarettes was also transferred to Greenbank as a Goodies line.
During the 1970's Goodies would go on to feature popular television
characters including villains from the BBC's Dr Who molded in white
chocolate and a chocolate Basil Brush.
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The seventies continued to see new products coming
to Greenbank, in 1972 Cavenham purchased Shuttleworth's of London
and transferred all their equipment from the manufacture of easter
eggs to Greenbank. By the end of the decade the factory was also
home to a brand which would come to dominate its future. Back in
1968 Cavenham had bought the remnants of Elizabeth Shaw Ltd after
a major fire had destroyed their own factory in Camberly. Initially
the production of the Elizabeth Shaw ranges had been transferred
to Cavenham's Doncaster factory but unprecedented rises in the
costs of chocolate manufacture would lead to a move to Greenbank.
By 1974 the whole confectionary industry was struggling in the
face of rising costs, the price of Cocoa beans had increased by
over two hundred percent which resulted in a significant fall in
the public's consumption of chocolate products especially the premium
brands like "Famous Names" chocolate liqueurs. Traditionally
a fall in chocolate consumption had been offset by an increase
to the sale of cheaper sugar candy confectionary like the Goodies
range, but at the same times as the price of cocoa was souring
so was the UK price of sugar, its penny and two penny sweets were
hardly clearing a profit. The company's response was to rationalise
its production organisation, in 1977 Greenbank was selected as
the site for all of the companies chocolate production and the
three Elizabeth Shaw lines Mint Crisp, Mint Creams and After Dinner
Mints were moved from the Doncaster factory which was closed.
Despite these efforts by the beginning of the 80's
the factory was in trouble resulting in redundancies among its
750 strong workforce. In 1981 Goldsmith announced his intention
to withdraw from the food market placing the factory's future in
doubt. Even though the company's overall sales had dropped by nearly
a quarter over the past ten years it was still selling £ 27
million of Famous Names chocolate liqueurs and Elizabeth Shaw chocolates
each year. Four of the companies directors still saw enough potential
to embark on a management buyout of Cavenham's confectionary division
including the Greenbank factory. With the support of a number of
Institutional investors they were able to raise the £8 million
pounds to buy out the company and its brand names in July of 1981,
the company emerged from the deal with a new company under the
name of Famous Names Ltd.
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Although the company's future was now secure it had
been 15 years since the factory had received significant investment
and it was in need of modernisation. The company was forced into
a series of economies including further redundancies in order to
fund capital investments in new machinery. Over the next four years £1.75
million was invested in new plant including robotic packing and
semi-automatic chocolate production plant. Even though the new
machinery was ensuring the factories future the workforce felt
that the investment in new plant was not being matched by appropriate
increases in their which led to a long series of industrial actions
and 340 of remaining 440 workers at Greenbank out on strike. Despite
the disruption caused by the strike Famous names had returned to
profitability making a £12 million gross profit in 1983 the
company's range was also well placed in the UK chocolate market,
Famous Names held 44% of the chocolate liquers market and Elizabeth
Shaw 50% of the chocolate crisp market.
The successful turnaround prompted another influential
Bristol company Imperial Tobacco to express an interest in acquiring
the company to diversify their own business. In response the directors
of Famous Names who realised they would be unable to finance the
next phase of their own expansion plans without a powerful partner,
welcomed the approach. So an amicable take over was arranged, and
Famous Names was sold to Imperial for £15.5 million during
september of 1985. The following year Imperial Tobbaco became the
target of a take over itself and after a long battle the it was
itself purchased by the conglomerate Hanson. Hanson had pursued
Imperial in order to access their tobacco business and were not
interested in continuing its planned diversification. As a result
Famous Names was transferred to the Imperial Foods division in
preparation for selling the business off. Although Hanson had no
long term plans to retain the business it did continue a program
of capital investment to ensure the business remained viable and
one major change it made resulted in a re branding of the company.
The Famous Names brand was dropped in 1988 with the long lived
line of chocolate liquers re branded as an Elizabeth Shaw product.
Shortly after the entire company renamed to Elizabeth Shaw Ltd.
By now the company was being prepared for sale and with the support
of Hanson the company was the subject of a second management buyout
a deal completed in March 1989. The company was sold to a group
of six of its directors for £24.7 million.
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The board of the new company realised that in order
for the company to survive in the coming common european market
a strong european partner would be required, One of the investors
approached to finance the buy out was the Finnish Huhtamaki group
through its dutch confectionary manufacturer Leaf. The relationship
with Leaf saw the development of a common sales and distribution
network in the UK to allow Leaf's products access to the UK market
while Elizabeth Shaw could benift from the existing european distribution
channels controlled by Leaf. The relationship between the two companies
eventually developed beyond a simple partnership to a full merger
when Leaf purchased the directors holdings in Elizabeth Shaw in
January 1990. At the time the factory employed 250 permanent workers
who were boosted with up to 300 seasonal staff at peak periods.
As a result of the change of ownership the company
found itself with another new name, it became Leaf United Kingdom
Ltd. The company decided to focus on the Elizabeth Shaw brand products
and abandoned the Goodies brand in favor of Leaf's own imported
penny sweets. Through its european contacts the company secured
a new contract to produce chocolates for UK distribution on behalf
of the Swiss company Lindt. By the end of the 1990's Leaf UK was
making substantial losses which in part prompted Huhtamaki to transfer
the Leaf Group to the dutch confectionary company CSM. The new
owners planned to rationalise production at Greenbank, while in
Leaf ownership the workforce had been reduced to 160 permanent
employees but the new proposals called for a further reduction
of 62 jobs. The product lines were also concentrated on Elizabeth
Shaw's Chocolate Crisp lines, along with The Chocolate liquers
and Crispets. However once these measures had been introduced CSM
decided to concentrate its business on sugar confectionary and
to sell off their chocolate lines along with the Greenbank Factory.
For the third time the Factory was part of a management
buyout, It and the Elizabeth Shaw brands were sold for £ 6
Million in March of 2000 to four of the company directors, who
named their new company Packbond Holdings Ltd. Although the companies
Elizabeth Shaw products were still selling well and the had seen
considerable success entering the own brand market producing chocolates
for Marks and Spencers and Sainbury's. The costs of running the
Greenbank factory were considered to be to high, The company had
initially planned a move to a new modern purpose built factory
but in January 2006 it announced the intention to close the factory
and transfer production to eastern Europe. The last chocolates
produced in green bank rolled off the production line in October
2006 ending 103 years of Bristol chocolate making.
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I visited the factory nine months after
it closed, not long after production had ceased an auction had been
held to sell off the chocolate making machinery so most of the factory
floors had been cleared by the time I visited. After making our way
onto the site the first stop was block 1 the oldest part of the original
factory buildings. Back in 1966 this part of the factory had been
converted to house the staff facilities, and the first rooms we entered
were the factory offices on the first floor. They had changed very
little since the 1960's refurbishment the walls were still lined
in chipboard wood paneling and carpet tiles, One of the doors was
still marked with a typical 1960's plastic letters spelling out the "Personnel
Department". One original feature had survived the modernisation,
tucked away behind a frosted glass door was an ornate cast iron spiral
staircase which lead up to the second floor. From the offices we
found ourselves in the kitchens of the staff canteen most of the
catering equipment had been removed except for a large industrial
toaster which must have been here since the kitchen was installed
in 66. A set of double doors took us to the main canteen area all
the seating had been removed but the long service counter was still
in place with the heating lamps collapsed over the hot plate, the
specials board was blank that day so we had to make do with the sandwiches
we had brought.
The door leading out of the canteen brought us to a stairwell between blocks
1 and 2 which we followed up to the second floor, Up here we found the staff's
locker room. Originally it had been one of the factories early production floors
but the long open plan room had been filled with long rows of colorful lockers,
here and there a white overall still hung within a locker. There wasn't much
else to be seen so we moved up into the third floor attic space, where we came
across stacks of unused promotional material from the 90's including the wrappers
for lo Cal chocolate bars and Fizzy Chewits another famous names brand that was
produced in their Southport factory. In between the separate blocks of the building
there were open spaces covered by a glass roof and chris crossed by iron walkways
on each level, We used one of these to cross over to Block 2.
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Block 2 had been converted to the engineering
department. Although most of the former factory floors were now empty,
a small glazed tile stairway tucked away at the back of the ground
floor lead us up into the engineering stores. Still stacked up on
the racks of shelving were spare parts, cogs, valves and gauges for
the machinery which once filled the factory floors. Next to the engineering
stores was a large workshop dominated by a industrial lathe which
was labeled with an auction lot number it obviously failed to sell.
Completing the engineering department was a office lined corridor.
The first of these had a sign labeling it as the management dining
room but inside we found the engineers rest room which was almost
completely filled with a full size snooker table. The walls were
lined by more lockers and hidden away inside one was a tongue in
cheek award the "Cunt of the Day". Next door we found the
drawing office where wooden filing cabinets housed the engineering
drawings of the factories machines, Along one wall a huge drawing
desk was still covered by the plans of a chocolate mixing machine.
Back on the first floor we found part
of the the chocolate making plant a spiders web of pipes which pumped
the liquid chocolate over to the production floors. Most of the chocolate
making machinery had been sold off with the largest parts of the
equipment left in block 3 next door. On our way over to block 3 through
the bottom of a stair well at the back of the factory we found a
pile of laundry bags, Inside were hundreds of uniforms embroidered
with the last employee's names. With in block 3 we passed by tall
liquid chocolate tanks on the ground floor and before making our
way upwards we passed through a dark factory floor it had also been
cleared of any equipment leaving the wooden supports exposed, each
floor was held in place with beams made up of a series of wooden
diamonds. We continued upwards until reaching the attic rooms which
held the factories quality control labs there was very little left
for us to find up here except for a large tank marked "Chocolate
Waste Tank", but hidden away among the attic beams there was
still a painted sign for the factories private fire brigade which
must have been added back in the 1920's when the private fire brigade
movement was at its peek.
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It was then time for us to move over
to the production floors in the blocks 4 and 5 which were now connected
together. All of the iron walkways over to block 4 had been sealed
off so we had to go back to the main stair well which lay between
the two factory buildings. We crossed over on the Second floor and
found ourselves on one of the packing lines. Once again most of the
machinery had been sold leaving behind a few roller tables and a
few of the smaller pieces of equipment. One of the interesting features
of the floor were two air tight cabins one set out as a workers rest
room complete with ash trays presumably to keep the smoke away from
the products. Attached to one wall we found the quality control measures
it seems the worst quality chocolates reaching the packing line could
find themselves dumped in a bin destined to a pig pen as a animal
food I didn't know pigs enjoyed chocolate liquers. On the second
floor blocks 4 and 5 were linked to form a single production floor
but the original floor levels in each block were different, block
5 was a few feet higher. So where the production line passed across
to the packing area ramps and a small stairway had been installed
Near one of these we came across the largest piece of machinery we
had found so far a wrapper still threaded by a long sheet of clear
plastic wrap.
Moving up the ramp on to the production floor there were a few more pieces of
equipment, the control panel for the chocolate liquor line along with another
wrapping machine. We had to head upwards to find more machinery, up on the third
floor we came across the long Binder shell moulder installed in the 1960's it
was still set up with the molds for easter egg production and a mixer set up
to feed the line was choked up with solidified chocolate. After touring the remaining
machinery we headed further up inside the building and found our selves in the
attic of block 4. Up here was an old printing press which seamed to have been
forgotten for decades, around it were scattered printed boxes for "Goodies
Dr Who" bars last sold in the early 1980's. Up in the attic we came across
a small door way which lead out on the the flat roof of the link constructed
between block 4 and 5. From the roof we got a good view over Greenbank towards
the city center, we stayed up on the roof for a little while and had lunch in
the sun as i'm sure many of the workers from the stuffy print department up in
the attic had done before us. Back inside there wasn't much left for us to see
so we headed back down the main stairwell passing the packing departments on
the first floor which were empty apart from some round shaped trolleys for holding
trays of completed chocolates. On the ground floor we entered the stores and
goods inward department still stacked full with pallets of refined sugar and
unused promotional shot glasses for Vodka Shots one of the last lines to produced
in the factory. After spending the best part of a day touring the factory floors
we made our way to a nearby corner shop and treated ourselves to a bar of chocolate,
of all the bars lined up on its shelves none were made in Bristol anymore.
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